Which type of pests are commonly managed in horticulture through IPM?

The choice that encompasses the broadest range of pest categories in horticulture is the most comprehensive consideration when applying Integrated Pest Management (IPM). In IPM practices, a variety of pests are managed to protect crops and promote sustainable agriculture. This includes insects, which can directly damage plant tissues or transmit diseases; diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, or viruses that can severely affect plant health; weeds that compete with crops for resources and can harbor pests; and nematodes, which are microscopic roundworms that can affect plant roots and overall growth.

By including insects, diseases, weeds, and nematodes, this option acknowledges the diverse threats that can impact horticultural production. Effective IPM strategies involve monitoring and managing all these pest types using a combination of biological, cultural, physical, and chemical control measures tailored to minimize pest populations while preserving beneficial organisms. This holistic approach is essential for maintaining healthy horticultural systems.